The changes to the Code of Civil Procedure made by the CD. Cartabia Reform vol.3

Summary

1. The reform of the cassation procedure. Foreword

The so-called Cartabia Reform, as is well known, has intervened, partially modifying it, but
nonetheless in a relevant way, also on the cassation judgment, first,
through the reformulation of the so-called filter in Cassation, providing for an accelerated
procedure for the definition of inadmissible, improper or manifestly
unfounded appeals.
More specifically, to this end, in cases where the judge (filter judge, in place of the
filter section) detects one of the above possible outcomes, he or she notifies the parties, leaving them with the
possibility of opting for a request for a council chamber or for a waiver of the
appeal.
The latter possibility is incentivized by excluding, for the unsuccessful party, the payment of the
unified contribution otherwise due as a sanction.
In another respect, a new hypothesis of revocation
of a civil judgment has been introduced by the Legislature, referring to cases in which the content of a final
judgment is subsequently declared by the European Court of Human Rights, in
whole or in part, to be contrary to the Convention or one of its Protocols.
In order to implement, also at this stage of appeal, the criteria and principles of
celerity and expeditiousness, which have characterized the entire novella, the Legislature, in addition, has
intervened on the following institutions:

  • unification of the chamber rites through the abolition of the Section referred to in art.
    376 c.p.c. and the concentration of the relevant jurisdiction before the Sections
    simple and the maintenance of the discipline of art. 380 bis c.p.c., with
    immediate filing of the succinctly motivated order in the registry;
  • provision for an expedited procedure for the declaration of inadmissibility,
    impropriety or manifest groundlessness.

2. The content of the appeal

In osservanza dei principi ispiratori della Riforma, più volte sopra richiamati, il
Legislatore è intervenuto anche sul contenuto del ricorso (in Cassazione), prevedendo
che lo stesso debba contenere «la chiara ed essenziale esposizione dei fatti della causa
e la chiara e sintetica esposizione dei motivi per i quali si chiede la cassazione».
Tale precisazione, letta in coordinato con l’attuale art. 366, comma 1, c.p.c. dedicato al
contenuto del ricorso, che prevede già al n. 2) «l’esposizione sommaria dei fatti della
causa» e al n. 3) «i motivi per i quali si chiede la cassazione, con l’indicazione delle
norme di diritto su cui si fondano», deve essere interpretata come rafforzativa dei
principi di chiarezza e sinteticità degli atti, anche in tale fase giudiziale.
Sotto altro punto di vista ed in merito al contenuto del ricorso, poiché è stato soppresso
l’art. 348 ter c.p.c. a seguito del venir meno del “ filtro di inammissibilità”, sono state
conservate le disposizioni previste dagli ultimi due commi di tale articolo, volte ad
escludere la possibilità di proporre ricorso per cassazione per omesso esame di un fatto
decisivo, ai sensi dell’art. 360, comma 1, n. 5), nei casi di c.d. “doppia conforme”.
Tuttavia, tali disposizioni sono state inserite all’interno dell’art. 360 c.p.c., mediante
l’aggiunta di un nuovo comma, tra il terzo e il quarto, al fine di prevedere che, quando
la pronuncia di appello conferma la decisione di primo grado, per le medesime ragioni
inerenti i medesimi fatti che sono posti alla base della decisione impugnata, il ricorso
per cassazione possa essere proposto solo per i motivi di cui al primo comma, numeri
1), 2), 3) e 4), ad eccezione delle cause per le quali è prevista la partecipazione
obbligatoria del pubblico ministero.
E’ stata aggiunta, inoltre, la specificazione relativa alle «medesime ragioni inerenti i
medesimi fatti», al fine di meglio individuare il concetto di “doppia conforme” e
restringere i casi di inammissibilità del ricorso proposto ai sensi del n. 5) alle sole ipotesi
in cui effettivamente la sentenza di secondo grado abbia integralmente confermato
quella del primo Giudice.
Sempre dal punto di vista formale, il primo comma dell’art. 366 c.p.c. elenca i requisiti
richiesti per l’ammissibilità del ricorso per cassazione, al fine di rispettare il principio di
autosufficienza, il quale, come noto, richiede che il ricorso contenga tutti gli elementi
necessari per consentire al giudice di legittimità di conoscere, dalla sola lettura del
ricorso, la controversia ed il suo oggetto, e di valutare la fondatezza dei motivi di
impugnazione senza dover procedere all’esame d ei fascicoli d’ufficio o di parte.
In particolare, la vigente disposizione di cui all’art. 366, comma 1, n. 3), c.p.c. prevede
«l’esposizione sommaria dei fatti della causa», mentre nel d.lgs. tale requisito viene riformulato come «la chiara esposizione dei fatti della causa essenziali alla illustrazione
dei motivi di ricorso».
Da tale modifica emerge che il Legislatore delegato, tenendo conto che l’esposizione
dei fatti sostanziali e processuali della vicenda va operata dal ricorrente in quanto
funzionale alla stessa comprensione dei motivi e valutazione della loro ammissibilità e
fondatezza, ha voluto porre l’accento, in maniera esplicita, sui due requisiti della
chiarezza e dell’essenzialità.
Il primo requisito è riferito al modus della narrazione dei fatti, che devono risultare
intellegibili ed univoci.
Il secondo, invece, attiene al quid e al quantum dei fatti, essendo necessario che il
motivo esponga solo i fatti ancora rilevanti per il giudizio di cassazione, in quanto
indispensabili alla comprensione dei motivi contenenti le censure al provvedimento
impugnato, ritenendosi in ciò ribadito anche il concetto di sommarietà (ossia, per
riassunto e sintesi).
Con riferimento al requisito di cui al n. 4), attualmente il ricorrente è onerato ad
enunciare «i motivi per i quali si chiede la cassazione, con l’indicazione delle norme di
diritto su cui si fondano, secondo quanto previsto dall’articolo 366 -bis». Tale requisito
risulta così riformulato: «la chiara e sintetica esposizione dei motivi per i quali si chiede
la cassazione, con l’indicazione delle norme di diritto su cui si fondano».
È stato, quindi, aggiunto lo specifico riferimento alla chiarezza e sinteticità anche per
quanto riguarda l’esposizione dei motivi di impugnazione, che costituiscono l’unico
oggetto del giudizio di cassazione, giudizio a critica rigidamente vincolata e delimitata.
Quanto, infine, al requisito di cui al n. 6, il testo attuale prevede «la specifica indicazione
degli atti processuali, dei documenti e dei contratti o accordi collettivi sui quali il ricorso
si fonda», mentre il nuovo d.lgs. propone la seguente riformulazione: «la specifica
indicazione, per ciascuno dei motivi, degli atti processuali, dei documenti e dei contratti
o accordi collettivi sui quali il motivo si fonda, illustrando il contenuto rilevante degli
stessi».
L’art. 366 c.p.c. presenta due ulteriori innovazioni, in attuazione del principio di delega
previsto dall’art. 1, comma 16, lett. a), della l. n. 206 del 2021, in base al quale è
necessario che nei procedimenti dinanzi alla Corte di cassazione «il deposito dei
documenti e di tutti gli atti delle parti che sono in giudizio con il ministero di un difensore
abbia luogo esclusivamente con modalità telematiche, o anche mediante altri mezzi
tecnologici».
Tale principio di delega mira a rendere obbligatorio il deposito degli atti e dei documenti
di parte anche nel giudizio di legittimità. Per questo motivo, è stato eliminato il secondo
comma dell’art. 366 c.p.c., con la conseguenza che il ricorso introduttivo (come il
controricorso) non dovrà più contenere l’elezione del domicilio presso un luogo fisico, essendo previsto soltanto quello digitale risultante dai pubblici elenchi di cui all’articolo
16 sexies del d.l. 179 del 2012.
Interessato dalla riforma è anche l’art. 369 c.p.c., dedicato al deposito del ricorso, al
fine di adeguare le disposizioni sul giudizio di legittimità al deposito telematico
obbligatorio degli atti e dei documenti.
Al primo comma, quindi, è stato eliminato ogni riferimento al deposi to «in cancelleria»,
trattandosi di modalità connessa al deposito analogico degli atti e dei documenti di
parte.
Poi, nell’ottica della semplificazione, accelerazione e razionalizzazione del giudizio di
legittimità, è stato soppresso l’ultimo comma dell’ar ticolo 369 c.p.c., che onerava il
ricorrente di chiedere, con apposita istanza, alla cancelleria del Giudice che ha emesso
il provvedimento impugnato o del quale si contesta la giurisdizione, la trasmissione del
fascicolo d’ufficio alla cancelleria della corte di Cassazione.
Sempre al fine di adeguare le disposizioni sul giudizio di legittimità al deposito
telematico obbligatorio degli atti e dei documenti di parte, nonché al fine di semplificare,
accelerare e razionalizzare il giudizio predetto, sono stati modificati gli artt. 370 e 371
c.p.c.. In particolare, di sicura importanza al fine della semplificazione è la modifica
apportata all’art. 370 c.p.c., con la quale è stato eliminato l’obbligo della notifica del
controricorso e all’art. 371 c.p.c. è stato eliminato l’obbligo della notifica del ricorso
incidentale nel caso di notifica di ricorso per integrazione del contraddittorio ex artt.
331 e 332 c.p.c. e della notifica del controricorso al ricorso incidentale (art. 371 c.p.c.).
Tali incombenti, infatti, non sono più necessari, tenuto conto che tutti gli atti di parte
devono essere depositati telematicamente, e quindi, una volta inseriti nel fascicolo
informatico, sono visibili e consultabili dalle altre parti.
Al primo comma dell’art. 370 c.p.c. è stato anche fissato in quaranta giorni il termine
per il deposito del controricorso, quale termine che somma i due termini di venti giorni,
rispettivamente previsti per la notifica e, quindi, per il deposito del controricorso
dall’originaria formulazione dell’ar t. 370 c.p.c.
Analogo termine di quaranta giorni era previsto, dall’art. 371 c.p.c., per la notifica del
ricorso incidentale e tale è stato mantenuto per il deposito dello stesso.
Infine, all’art. 372 c.p.c. è stato eliminato l’obbligo di notificare alla controparte l’elenco
dei documenti depositati ai fini dell’ammissibilità del ricorso o del controricorso.

3. The changes in the rules on notifications

Significant changes made by the Cartabia Reform concern, also, the stage of
handling of the cassation appeal, the reorganization of which is regulated in the first place
through the provision of cases in which the Court proceeds in public hearing.
With reference to the public hearing, in fact, Art. 1(9)(f) of the delegated law
reserves the handling of appeals to the public hearing, "when the question of law is
of particular importance."
Therefore, in order to implement the principle of delegated power referred to in subparagraph (f), the heading of Article 375 c.p.c. has been
reformulated providing for "Pronouncement in public hearing or
in chambers," and then a new first paragraph was introduced, which provides
that the Court, whether in unified or simple chambers, pronounce in public hearing
when the question of law is of particular importance, as well as in the cases referred to in Article
391 quater c.p.c.
Thus, the decision by judgment according to the public hearing rite remains
a residual hypothesis and reserved for high quality cases, where it is essential
the nomofilactic function of the Court.

4. The 'unification of chamber rites.

Among the most important innovations of the Cartabia Reform, there is the unification of the chamber rites,
and in fact, there is provision for the uniformity of the chamber rites governed by Articles 380 bis and 380
bis.1 c.p.c, i.e., of the two procedures currently used for the handling of
hearings, respectively, before the sixth section and the simple sections.
This unification has been implemented by: (i) the suppression of the current sixth section
and the shift of the "relevant jurisdiction" before the simple sections; (ii) the
suppression of the chamber procedure now used before the sixth section, as
governed by Art. 380 bis c.p.c.
In particular, it has been established that the first president assigns appeals to the united sections or
to the simple section.
Then, the party, who considers an appeal assigned to a
simple section to be within the jurisdiction of the united sections, may propose to the first president a request for referral to the
united sections, up to fifteen days before the hearing or meeting.
As for the P.M., the possibility of soliciting referral to the united sections
either during the discussion during the public hearing, or - for only
proceedings initiated to the chamber procedure - with the conclusions filed within the time limit provided
by Article 380 bis remains firm.

5. What's new for the 'public hearing.

With reference to the changes made by the Cartabia Reform to the discipline of public hearings
before the Court of Cassation, it should be noted, first of all, the
amendment of Article 377, paragraph 2, c.p.c., by which the period of time that must elapse between the communication to the defenders of the parties and the
public prosecutor of the date set and the hearing itself was increased from twenty to sixty
days , in order to achieve a
more extensive adversarial process between the parties.
An important novelty, which normatively transposes a widespread practice, is contained,
also, in the amendment to Article 378 c.p.c., which provides the option for the prosecutor
to file a written statement before the hearing.
The deadline for filing such a statement has been set at least twenty days before
the hearing in order to bring it in line with the similar provision contained in the chamber procedure.
Moreover, the deadline provided in Article 378 c.p.c. for the
filing of pleadings by the parties' counsel has been raised to ten days in advance, again in order to bring it in line with the deadline
of ten days provided in the chamber procedure by Article 380 bis c.p.c.
The second paragraph of the article under consideration appears to specify that the parties' pleadings,
filed close to the hearing, must be concise and have an illustrative character.

Again with reference to the public hearing, the objective of simplification, expeditiousness and
rationalization, envisaged by the delegated law, suggested not too incisive interventions
also on art. 379 c.p.c, which regulates the discussion.
First of all, the express provision has been inserted that the public hearing is
always held in presence, thus excluding the possibility that the public hearing is
dealt with in a paper form, given its particular importance and solemnity and taking
into account that it is now destined to be applied only in a small number of cases,
that is, when the question of law turns out to be of "particular importance."
The requirements of simplification and expeditiousness also inspired the amendment of the current
first paragraph of Article 379 of the Code of Civil Procedure, aimed at regulating the content of the report kept
by the rapporteur at the public hearing, providing simply that the rapporteur should set out in
summary the issues of the case, this so that the report is aimed at bringing out the issues
of the oral discussion.
Finally, the delegated legislature also saw fit to intervene in Article 380 c.p.c.,
adding a third paragraph, in which it is provided that the judgment be filed in
ninety days.

6. What's new for the chamber procedure and the new expedited procedure.

Another important novelty of the Cartabia Reform is certainly the introduction of a rite
camerale cd. accelerated, for the settlement of appeals that are: (i) inadmissible; (ii)
improcedibili; (iii) manifestly unfounded.
More specifically, the new procedure provided for in Article 380 bis c.p.c. provides that,
when the date of the decision in the hearing or in the chamber of
council has not yet been set, the President of the Chamber or a Counsel delegated by him, if he finds
that the appeal is inadmissible, inadmissible or manifestly unfounded, shall formulate a
concise proposal for the settlement of the case, which must be communicated to the
defense counsel of the parties for their evaluation.
If within forty days of the communication of the proposal, the appellant party, by a motion signed by the defense counsel with a new special power of attorney, does not request a decision, the appeal shall be deemed waived and the Court shall proceed in accordance with Article 391 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
Therefore, since the date of the decision has not yet been set, the President or Counsel of the Chamber pronounces a decree of extinction.
If, on the other hand, the party requests the decision within the aforementioned time limit, the Court proceeds following the procedure governed by Art. 380 bis. c.p.c. and, if the judgment is settled in accordance with the proposal, Art. 96, paragraphs 3 and 4 c.p.c. applies.
This period of forty days, instead of the originally envisaged wind period, is justified precisely to allow the parties a more careful evaluation of the proposal, in order to enable a thoughtful and informed choice, which also takes into account the serious consequences for the party in the event of a decision in accordance with the proposal.
Precisely in view of the above-mentioned serious consequences, if the plaintiff, disagreeing with the proposal of the President, or the Counselor delegated by him, intends to request an evaluation by the entire Board in chambers, such a request requires an act of procedural impetus involving the party personally.
The principle of delegation enshrined in Article 1, Paragraph 9(e), no. 3, provided that, if none of the parties requests the setting of the council chamber, the appeal is deemed waived and the judge pronounces a decree of extinction, settling the costs, with exemption of the losing party, who does not make the request, from paying the amount provided for in Article 13, paragraph 1 quater, of the Consolidated Text of Presidential Decree No. 115 of 2002.
The novelty of the procedure is, therefore, represented by the mechanism of the waiver, which no longer has to be expressed and does not have to be notified to the counterparties, but is deduced from the procedural behavior of the party, which does not request, within the specified time limit, the setting of the council chamber, entailing the extinction of the judgment.
Also with a view to conciseness, it has been specified that the pleadings that the parties may file must be concise and illustrative. In fact, while in the old chamber procedure before the Sixth Chamber there was no provision for the attorney general to intervene, in the proceedings in chambers (which are always held in the absence of the parties) there is provision for the parties and the prosecutor to file their own written submissions. Such pleadings are always optional for proceedings in chambers, except in proceedings for regulation of competence or jurisdiction, in which the filing of written conclusions is required.
By contrast, the intervention in public hearing of the attorney general, both in the unified sections and in the simple sections, always remains mandatory and can be articulated in written form (always possible, except in cases of interlocutory reference) and oral form (necessary).
Finally, the procedural model of deliberation, reasoning
concurrently and filing of the order has been introduced, providing that, at the end of the chamber of
council, the succinctly reasoned order must be immediately
filed, without prejudice to the possibility for the College to reserve the filing in the following
sixty days.

7. The new cause of revocation

Finally, the so-called Cartabia Reform provided for the introduction of a new hypothesis of
revocation of the measures rendered by Italian Judges, including the Court of
cassation, if the content of the judgment integrates a violation of the rights guaranteed
by the ECHR, as ascertained by the European Court in Strasbourg.
In this regard, the delegation of power established the following guiding criteria:

  • revocation under Article 395 of the Code of Civil Procedure will be available, once the judgment has become res judicata
    when the content of the judgment is subsequently declared by the EDU Court
    to be contrary, in whole or in part, to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights
    and Fundamental Freedoms, or to one of its Protocols, and it is
    not possible to remove the violation "by protection in the equivalent";
  • the rights acquired by bona fide third parties, who did not
    participate in the trial held before the Court, must always be preserved;
  • the active legitimacy to bring an action for revision lies with the parties to the
    trial held before the EDU Court, their heirs or successors in title, and the
    public prosecutor;
  • the revocation action may be filed within the 90-day period, which
    runs from the notice or, failing that, the publication of the Court's judgment
    ;
  • the Government Agent to the EDU Court will have the burden of notifying all
    parties to the trial that gave rise to the judgment submitted to the Court,
    as well as the Public Prosecutor, of the pendency of the proceedings before the Court
    itself, in order to enable them to provide information elements or, to the extent permitted
    by the Rules of the Court, to request to be allowed to intervene.
The aforementioned principles of delegation are in line with the long-standing calls from the
Constitutional Court to ensure an effective restitutio in integrum, in case of violation of the rights guaranteed by the ECHR.

Implementing this principle of delegation, the delegated legislature introduced Article 391
quater c.p.c, providing for the possibility of challenging by revocation decisions
that have become final, the content of which has been declared by the European Court of Human Rights
contrary to the Convention or one of its Protocols.
This provision makes the remedy available subject to two prerequisites: (i) that
the violation ascertained has adversely affected a state right of the person; (ii) that the equitable
indemnity possibly granted by the ECHR is not adequate to compensate for the
consequences of the violation.
The second paragraph dictates certain procedural rules, stipulating that an appeal for
revocation may be brought within sixty days from the communication or, failing that,
publication of the European Court's judgment.
In addition, if the application for revocation is granted, Article
391 ter c.p.c., in order to limit the rescissory phase before the Court of Cassation only
if the new decision is possible without further factual findings.
Finally, the third paragraph, in accordance with the delegation of power, introduced a general provision
of salvation of the rights that third parties, in good faith, have acquired on the basis of the decision
subject to revocation; the third parties protected, however, are only those who have not
participated in the judgment before the ECHR.
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